External Beam Radiation

There are many different radiation machines used for external radiation therapy based on the size and location of the tumor, surrounding tissue, and type of cancer. The radiation oncologist will discuss options, doses, and frequency of radiation so that the highest amount of radiation can be delivered to the cancer with as little impact on healthy tissue as possible. External beam radiation is often given daily over the course of several weeks.

Radiation of a Tumor Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Delivery methods help to deliver the maximum amount of radiation possible to the tumor while minimizing exposure to healthy surrounding tissue. Methods to improve delivery include:

• 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)—Imaging tests are used to map the lungs. Once the tumor is located, radiation beams are directed at it from different angles.
• Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)—A computerized machine rotates around the patient to deliver radiation to the tumor site. Dosage can be weakened or strengthened depending on the target tissue. Another type of IMRT that can be used is called volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).
• Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)—Mainly used for early stage lung cancer. It may be used when surgery cannot be done or the patient chooses not to have it.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)—Stereotactic radiosurgery is a type of external radiation therapy that can deliver radiation in a very precise location. This allows delivery of higher doses of radiation because it can precisely deliver it to the tumor and not healthy tissue. The precise delivery may also require fewer doses than traditional radiation therapy. It is used in patients who have one tumor that has spread to the brain. In some cases, it may be used at the same time as surgery.

Brachytherapy

This is also called internal radiation therapy. Radioactive material in a specialized container is placed near the tumor. This allows a higher dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor. It is generally used to treat tumors that are obstructing the airway. The material is placed during a bronchoscopy, a procedure that threads a lighted tube into the nose or mouth and down the trachea to the tumor site.

Radioactive Drugs

Drugs containing radioactive particles may be useful in treating some widespread carcinoid tumors.

Side Effects and Management

Complications of radiation therapy to the chest and abdominal areas may include:

• Sore throat
• Shortness of breath or other breathing problems
• Pain or difficulty during swallowing, which may make it hard to eat
• Cough
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Hair loss where the radiation enters the body

A variety of treatments are available to help manage side effects of radiation therapy, such as dry, irritated skin, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue due to anemia. Sometimes adjustments to treatment doses may also be possible. The earlier side effects are addressed, the more likely they will be controlled with a minimum of discomfort.