Definition

Ascites is the buildup of excess fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Ascites Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Ascites can be caused by:

• High blood pressure in the liver's portal venous system, which can be caused by:
  • Liver damage called cirrhosis (most common cause)
  • Heart failure
  • Blockage of the large vein in the abdomen called the vena cava
• Malnutrition or other conditions leading to low amounts of protein in the blood
• Certain cancers
• Infections, such as certain bacteria and parasites, or tuberculosis that can invade the abdomen
• Pancreatitis
• Kidney disease
• Abdominal leakage of lymph fluid

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase your chance of ascites include having any of the conditions above.

Symptoms

Symptoms may include:

• Increased abdominal girth
• Shortness of breath
• Abdominal pain and/or distention
• Pain on the side of the abdomen
• Rapid weight gain
• Difficulty breathing while lying flat
• Decreased appetite
• Heartburn

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.

Tests to determine cause may include:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• Liver biopsy
• Abdominal paracentesis
• Laparoscopy

Imaging tests look for the amount and distribution of fluid, and evaluate abdominal structures. These may include:

• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI scan

Treatment

Some treatments will vary according to what is causing the ascites. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Some options include:

Prevention

To help reduce the chance of ascites:

• Drink alcohol only in moderation. This means no more than 1 drink per day for women and 2 per day for men.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Practice safe sex to avoid hepatitis.
• Do not share IV needles.
• Get vaccinated for hepatitis B.
• If you were born between 1945 and 1965, you should get screened for hepatitis C infection.
• If you are taking medications that can damage your liver, follow your doctor's instructions closely.